it can also be made ??of many windmills used for the draining of polders in Holland . Thereafter, for several decades, wind power was used to produce the electricity in remote areas and therefore not connected to a power grid. Facilities without energy storage meant that the energy requirement and the presence of wind energy are simultaneous. Control of energy storage in batteries has to store this energy and use it without the presence of wind, this type of installation involving only domestic needs, not applied to industry. Since the 1990s, the technological improvement of wind helped to build wind turbines over 5 MW 1 and the development of wind turbines of 10 MW is in progress. These units have democratized and we found today in many countries. These turbines are used today to produce alternating current to power grids, just like a nuclear reactor , a dam hydro-electric or thermal power station coal. However, the locksmiths power generated and the impact on the environment are not the same. Techniques

Main article: Wind . The output energy as well as the power of wind turbines are developed based on the wind speed in the range of operation of the wind power is roughly proportional to the cube of speed. Wind turbines currently on the market require a wind in the range of 11 to 90 km / h (3 to 25 m / s ) 2 . The latest wind turbines, the first prototypes are put into service in 2006, accept winds less than 4 to more than 200 km / h (1 to 60 m / s) [ref. needed] . As the solar and hcg diet plan other renewable energy , the massive use of wind energy requires an energy booster for periods less windy, or means of storing energy produced (batteries, water storage or more Recently, hydrogen and compressed air ). Comparison with other energy sources

Wind at the forefront of a power plant Amsterdam , Netherlands The power tool of electricity is measured in GW ( gigawatt ) and multiple by 1000, the TW (terawatt). Electricity production (the energy produced) is measured in GWh ( gigawatt hours ) and TWh (terawatt-hours). Like almost all renewable energy (except geothermal and tidal), wind energy is an indirect form of solar energy . However, the Earth receives 30 minutes of solar energy equivalent of the annual consumption of humanity, all types of energy together. 1 to 2% of this energy from the sun is converted into wind, 50 to 100 times the energy converted into biomass through photosynthesis 3 . Comparisons of virtual powers A wind turbine  from a few kW to 7.5 MW 2  , most large wind turbines in France today are rated from 1 to 3 MW . In general, they are grouped in wind farms from 6 to 210 MW 4 . A power plant fired: 120 to 790 auto transport MW (in France: Central DK6 of GDF-Suez in Dunkirk) in 2010. A photovoltaic power plant  : a few hundred watts to 60 MW (record 62 MW  : solar power Moura in Portugal) in 2010. A solar thermodynamic plant  : 2 to 350 MW (record: 354 MW power plant with SEGS de Luz Solar Energy in the Mojave Desert in California, USA). A hydroelectric power from a few kilowatts to over 10 000 MW (record: 32 turbines of 700 MW or 22,400 MW in the Three Gorges Dam in China) in 2006. A nuclear reactor  : about 900 to 1300 MW in general (record: 1 500 MW nuclear power plants of Chooz in the Ardennes and Civaux south of Poitiers) in 2000. Comparisons of actual production Main article: Load factor (electrical) . The power is representative of the peak production possible, but the energy produced depends on many other parameters such as weather or maintenance operations required. The load factor, the ratio between actual and theoretical maximum production, is commonly used as an indicator of the energy produced by an electrical installation. While a wind has an average load factor of 20% 5 , the solar PV is located around 10% 5 . Use of wind energy in isolated Main article: small wind turbines . Wind energy is also used to provide energy to remote sites, such as generating electricity in the islands, for pumping water into the fields, or to power sailboats, lighthouses and beacons. These small wind turbines are said to belong to small wind turbines , as opposed to large wind power or wind power industry. Some initiatives suggest that the small wind turbines , that is to say the individual farm could soon develop into becoming competitive and discreet, even in the city. [ref. required] Production and economics

Global data synthesis

Total installed capacity (MW) and forecasts 2001-2010, source: WWEA eV End of 2010, 193 GW (billion watts) of wind power are installed worldwide 6 . In 2010, China invested $ 63 billion in wind power, Jewish Wedding Gifts the United States $ 18 billion. The growth of investment in wind power was 34% in 2010 6 . As Cell Phone Accessories for power, it increased by 22% in 2010 (35.8 GW). Countries interested in the development of wind energy are still in the first phase of investment (commissioning of wind farms that did not exist before). In fact, the installed capacity grow continuously but at different rates in different countries, and rank the states by installed capacity gives a result of moving one year to another. However, it appears from the current figures that the largest investor countries are China and the West (America and electronic cigarette review Europe). Other emerging economies such as Brazil, India and Mexico are beginning to invest heavily in wind power. In 2007, the German had to 22.3 GW of installed wind power, the United States 16.8 GW , the Spain 15.1 GW , the India 8 GW , the China 6.1 GW and France 2 , 4 GW (land only) 7 , 8 . In 2008 , the United States became the first country for wind power capacity with 25,170 MW installed by Germany (23,902 MW) 9 . In 2008 it employed about 85,000 Americans 9 . In 2010 China dethroned the United States with 42 GW tailor made suits (more than 60% of the French nuclear power) of 40 GW installed capacity against the Americans. According to the Renewable Energy Observatory, in a report released by EDF 10 , wind energy system is currently the most dynamic in the world and especially in the European Union where the wind power generation Nutrisystem discount code 2012 increased by 37, 8% per year from 1993 until 2002. This growth has reached 59% per year over the same period in France, which was far behind in this area. The source for the years 2003-2004, growth in the European Union remains strong with a rate of 28.9% annually ( 42.9% in France) in both years 11 and now represents 12.4 % of the production of REC (renewable energy) of the EU on track to exceed production from biomass (production: 12.9% , growth: 10.8%) and 2 e source of electricity from renewable sources after hydraulic (production: 73.3% , no growth). New wind farms at sea (offshore wind) are considered throughout the world. The Denmark is one of the most important players, with its laboratory Risø , very famous, the country produces about 20% of its electricity with wind turbines. Wind turbines produce 2% of the electricity in the world. The size of the most profitable and most practical for wind turbines currently on the market seems to be around 600 kilowatts to 3 MW , grouped in large wind farms. New technologies electric cigarette under development seek to produce systems more flexible in terms of “cost-effective power.”

Wind capacity of the first three countries of the world from 2002 to 2008 (excluding China) Rank (late 2009) Country End of 1997 MW End of 1998 MW End of 1999 MW End of 2000 MW End of 2001 MW End of 2002 MW End of 2003 MW End of 2004 MW End of 2005 MW End of 2006 MW End of 2007 MW End of 2008 MW End of 2009 MW Total installed wind power – the top 20 countries in 2009 – developments from 1997 to 2009

Map of the installed wind power in Europe in late 2007 Aggregate data in Europe The EU has decided to produce 20% of its electricity from renewable energy, clean and safe 2020. An interconnected electricity network capable of delivering electricity with irregularity in the Baltic Sea or North Sea to the rest of Europe is one of the priorities announced by the European Commissioner for Energy Andris Peibalgs late November 2007. It has entrusted the task of coordinating the German Goerg Wilhmelm Adamowitsh 18 . The production capacity of wind power deployment in Europe has multiplied by 5 between 2001 and late 2008 19 . According to the EWEA (European Wind Energy Association), 2009 was another record year with the installation of 10,263 MW of new wind capacity installed, and about 10 000 MW expected in 2010 by EWEA 20 . Rank (end 2010) Country MW end 2008 21 MW end 2009 22 MW end 2010 23 Installed wind power in the European Union A Germany 23 903 25 777 27 214 2 Spain 16 740 19 160 20 676 3 Italy 3736 4849 5797 4 France 3404 4574 5660 5 United Kingdom 3241 4245 5204 6 Portugal 2862 3735 3898 7 Denmark 3180 3465 3752 8 Netherlands 2225 2215 2237 9 Suede 1021 1560 2163 10 Ireland 1002 1310 1428 11 Greece 985 1087 1208 12 Poland 472 725 1107 13 Austria 995 995 1011 14 Belgium 384 563 911 15 Romania 10 14 462 16 Bulgaria 158 177 375 17 Hungary 127 201 295 18 Czech Republic 150 192 215 19 Finland 143 147 197 20 Lithuania 54 91 154 21 Estonia 78 142 149 22 Cyprus 0 0 82 23 Luxembourg 35 35 42 24 Latvia 27 28 31 25 Slovakia 3 3 3 26 Slovenia 0.01 0.03 0.03 27 Malta 0 0 0 Total European 64 935 75 090 84 278 France

Windmills in Aude. Second wind resource in Europe (wind resource) after the United Kingdom, France is developing the exploitation of its significant wind energy potential 24 . According to EDF, “  among the renewables, wind power has the greatest potential for development and represent a majority share in the production of non-hydro renewables. The wind will bring its contribution to energy independence of France  ” 25 . The park installed wind power production in France in late 2010 is estimated 26 to 5600 MW. A report prepared for the ADEME in 2006 (before the economic crisis began in 2008 ) estimated that the French objective of “producing 21% of its electricity from renewable sources in 2010, “imposed the establishment of at least 27 10 000 MW (6000 to 9000 wind turbines). Stimulating the development of wind energy in France is via regulated tariffs for 28 of the electricity production of wind turbines, which allows investors to obtain returns less risky because of the independent wholesale price of electricity and real opportunities for their STD Test productions. The Regulatory Commission of Energy states in its report of 2007 that it considers that the regulated tariffs for wind power “led to a project profitability [...] much higher than the level considered needed to raise investment and were, therefore, support the industry disproportionate 29 . ” It is mainly EDF has the obligation to buy electricity from wind to these tariffs for regulated; the purchase cost is passed on to electricity consumers through the contribution of public service electricity (CSPE) 28 . The wind power would be redeemed at more than double its cost [ref. needed] , making wind attractive investments. In 2009, according to a survey of CREDOC 30 , 72% of French (59% in Ile de France where people say they feel less concerned) would support an installation of wind turbines in their community. 28% of those opposed to such a location, half say they are against on the grounds landscaped and 8% because they fear being bothered by the noise (mostly women and non-graduates). Only 2% of respondents (instead of men and graduates) blame the wind too low yield. Membership is highest in small municipalities. One study 31 had shown that previous residents of existing wind farms overwhelmingly support the settlements. The proposed offshore wind farm of two Coast , a large offshore project in the study since 2006 to install more than 140 wind turbines off the Tréport , however, give rise to a lively public debate 32 in 2010.

A wind of Millevaches Plateau In 2009 , additional 1036 MW wind power have been connected to the French, for a gain in production capacity slightly lower than that of 2008 was 1055 MW 33 . In late 2009, the park, widely distributed in the territory, approaching the 4600 MW, with a marginal share in the DOM (0.8%), for a production of 7.6 TWh, or 1.5% of national electricity consumption. But five regions ( Picardy , Lorraine , Brittany , Centre and Champagne-Ardenne ) are better equipped with 55% of installed capacity 33 . The small wind (less than 36 kW) has grown by 26% with 203 installations combining 1.8 MW 33 . 7.6 TWh wind power were produced in 2009, nearly 2 TWh more than in 2008 (+33%) by advancing the share of wind power in the national electricity consumption + 1.5% casino in 2009 33 . Region MW at 8/28/2006 34 MW 09/01/2007 at 35 MW in 2008 36 MW at 8/17/2011 37 MW wind power in France Lorraine 100 208 432 618 Languedoc-Roussillon 215 281 407 435 Center 244 315 377 601 Picardie 86 193 340 776 Brittany 168 254 336 659 Champagne-Ardenne 102 157 198 870 Pays de la Loire 46 104 158 413 Rhone-Alpes 90 103 138 140 Auvergne 39 92 126 164 Nord-Pas-de-Calais 72 87 260 405 Midi-Pyrenees 33 83 231 320 Department of Overseas 27 37 81 83 Lower Normandy 26 50 70 212 Overseas territories 24 30 ( 38 ) Recorded with the DOM Haute-Normandie 16 36 84 210 Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur 29 31 38 45 Poitou-Charentes 12 21 81 242 Corsica 18 18 30 18 Limousin 9 9 9 9 Ile-de-France   0.06 0.06 Aquitaine 0 0 0 0 Burgundy 0 0 50 70 Franche-Comte 12 0 30 30 Alsace 0 0 0 0 Total France 1300 2109 3500 6328 Representing 1,718 wind turbines in a st September 2007 (DOM / TOM understood see wind energy in Reunion ). Related article: List of wind farms in France . Wind energy in the French electricity network The French electricity transmission system (TEN), believes that the integration of wind power in the current network is possible without major difficulties at 10 to 15 GW , in particular through the presence in France of three deposits of wind independent, which will allow smoothing of production much better than in Germany or Denmark 39 . Wind turbines connected to the grid are usually grouped in a wind farm of about 5 to 50 machines, but there are also individual machines. It also notes the existence of a project not yet completed, to integrate wind turbines of type Darrieus in the electricity pylons: the project Wind’It . TEN (network transmission), a subsidiary of EDF , carries the electrical current through the network. The electric current must have a frequency of 50 Hz (in France as in many countries around the world, see article: Electrical network ). A wind turbine is connected to the network must provide this frequency, regardless of the wind speed. This constant frequency can pass through a constant rotation speed of the blades. This regulation is then obtained by including the orientation of the blades. But it is also possible to operate a wind speed using a variable frequency converter such as a cycloconverter . In the case of a synchronous wind, if wind speed is too low (eg less than 10 km / h), the wind stops because of the dry friction forces that oppose the rotation of the propeller. This reduction in speed can no longer provide this frequency. In this case, the wind is no longer producing electricity, but could instead become a consumer, it is automatically disconnected from the network. If the wind speed is too high (greater than 100 km / h for example), the turbine is put into security and disconnected from the network, its blades are set flag and stop to avoid stress that might break them. Some recent wind but continue to run at reduced speed, thus reducing the number of disconnections from the network and increasing average production in strong winds 40 . The French manufacturer Vergnet produces medium sized wind turbines (270kW and 1MW) folding the ground in case of tropical cyclones. These turbines are the only areas to be adapted to Caribbean and Pacific where hurricanes are frequent 41 . French law requires EDF (who billed to customers through the CSPE) to purchase the power generated by any system of power generation, with an enhanced purchase price for wind power (except for wind turbines over 12 MW ) 42 , to help this young industry in full development and enable France to achieve the objectives of the European Directive 43 . On March 4, 2009, order 44 has adapted the system of certificates of purchase to “zones of development of wind power” . These certificates (DACO) are eligible for the purchase obligation of electricity to wind turbines in “  development zones of wind  “or ZDE  , DACO previously involved a power exceeding 12 MW (limit 2000 Decree -1196 of 6 December 2000) and a distance of at least 1.500 m between two wind farms operated by the same operator). In ZDE, these limits of corporate clothing power and distance are no longer applicable since the minimum and maximum power are set by the prefectural creation of ZDE. The prefect shall publish no later than 1 st February each year a statement of the department ZDE showing in particular the residual power of each zone can still open right to purchase necessary. DACO is only valid for the duration of the contract for the purchase of electricity and is canceled if the facility has not been put into service (unless extended upon justified request). In the event of legal actions against one of the necessary authorizations for the construction and operation of the facility, the three-year period is suspended until the issuance of an irrevocable judicial decision. Rem: DACO is no need for seeking to benefit from the obligation to purchase photovoltaic electricity per unit of installed capacity less ski accessories than or equal to 250 kW peak.

Projected in the 2004 energy scenario trend in 2030 for France – DGEMP-OE (2004) – summary of work done in 2004 by the Energy Observatory of the Directorate General for Energy and raw material s’ support on compliance by France in 2010 of the criterion of 21% renewable energy in the energy mix. In this context, this scenario offers a 2030 Gross output of 43 TWh for wind and solar (for a power of 19 GW installed net). This power can be compared in the same scenario with the forecast of an annual production Denver Divorce Attorney of 409 TWh in 2030 for nuclear power (power of 51 GW installed), corresponding to the closure of existing plants after 40 years of life and building EPR of 2 per year from 2020 45 . In France, the wind potential is very high (2, e in Europe) [ref. required]  : 20 GW land for production of 50 TWh per year, and 40 GW offshore for a production of 150 TWh per year, a theoretical wind potential 200 TWh per year. If it were available in 2040, it would then represent 31% [ref. needed] of French consumption of electricity predictable. This production of 200 TWh / year was as follows: 8000 offshore wind Container Store turbines 5 MW of 40 large power plants installed between 15 and 40 km from the coast, with maximum depths of water of 200 m  , 8000 onshore wind of 3 MW or less than a quarter of the number of towers high voltage ( 400 kV ) in France (which measure 50 to 55 m high – up to 100 m in hilly areas, against 80 to 100 m for the masts of large wind turbines) . Other European countries The German is a leading producer of wind power with 22 247 MW of installed capacity at the end of 2007. With more than 30 000 jobs , this activity is the third largest export country [ref. needed] . The German , the world leader in this sector, continuously since 1999 to install an average of 2 GW of additional power per year [ref. needed] . The Denmark is the world’s largest manufacturer of wind turbines and wind has 500 watts per capita (against 41 in France in 2008 with 2,445 MW installed in 60 million). In 2008 , the United States became the first country for wind power capacity with 25,170 MW installed by Germany (23,902 MW) 9 . It employs 85,000 Americans 9 . The Denmark , has resumed development of its facilities since 2008 46 . The wind power generation in this country now accounts for approximately 21% of its electricity consumption. Programming other parks will lead this production to 25% in the immediate years ahead through the use of STEP within Norway (see the section on storage). The Spain that has an installed capacity of 21,000 MW . The Spain since 2002, adopted the rhythm of Germany and is expanding its installed capacity of about 2 GW per year [ref. needed] . Over the period of March 2011, wind energy was the main source of Spanish electricity for the first time in history with a production of 4738 GWh . In the first quarter, renewable energy provided 40.5% of demand with 21% for wind power as REE (Red Electrica de España). Madrid is an installed capacity of 40,000 MW installed in 2020 against nearly 21 000 MW is currently 47 . The United Kingdom , whose oil field of the North Sea are becoming exhausted, decided early on to operate its wind resources, the largest in Europe. The Thanet offshore Park, opened in September 2010, is currently the largest offshore wind farm in the world 48 . It will be dethroned denver accident lawyer in 2012 by another British project, the London Array. In Belgium , the turbines are on the rise. The installed capacity increased from 170 MW in 2005 to 911 MW in 2010 iPhone Unlock 49 . The maximum output available in the country, however, estimated at 2000 MW 50 . Of offshore wind farms should be reflected in future years including a fleet of 300 MW off Zeebrugge 51 . America In 2007, the installed wind capacity in the United States increased by 45% and $ 9 billion has been invested in this sector 52 . Wind turbines provide 1% of payday loan U.S. electricity, the equivalent of 4.5 million households 52 . The Texas became the first state in 2006 wind energy producer in the country, before the California 52 . In late 2007, the Texas wind turbines developed a total capacity of 4356 megawatts , against 2,439 megawatts in California, and 1,300 megawatts in Minnesota and Iowa 53 . Wind projects are under consideration in Texas: Shell and TXU Corporation are planning to build the biggest wind farm in the world with a capacity of 3000 megawatts 53 . In 2008, the Texas billionaire T. Boone Pickens , oil tycoon, has ordered from General Electric 667 wind turbines for two billion 54 . Main article: Wind power in the United States . .

In Canada , electricity generation by wind is rising, especially in the Prairies and Quebec . In British Columbia, the Relevant Life Policies state-owned Hydro-Quebec already purchased 200 GWh from private producers in the region Gaspé . The federal government announced an incentive program that would increase the installed capacity to 10 GW by the end of 2015 (source: CEAA Canadian). Energy policy of Québec provides for the development of wind power projects totaling 4,000 MW by 2013. The development of wind energy potential in Quebec is mainly through the use of private firms are solicited via a system of tenders. Several groups claim rather than the Crown corporation Hydro-Québec itself develops its own wind energy projects and that it retains ownership of the means of power generation, as is the case with the vast majority of the hydro province. Main article: Wind power in Quebec . Asia

Contemporary wind on the prairie of Inner Mongolia The China , which remains in 2005 the three e ‘s largest producer of electric power after the United States ( 4239 TWh ) and Europe ( 3193 TWh ) with 2 500 TWh products (source International Energy Agency) , became the 5 th largest producer of wind power in 2007 after Germany, Spain, the United States and India. Its goal is an installed wind power of 20 GW in 2020, an increase of over 1 GW per year. This effort is still very small in terms of its production of electricity increased by 860 TWh in 3 years ( 1640 TWh in 2002), mainly by an increase in coal plants. This country has said ( 10  February  2007 ) does not have the means to switch to clean energy. Africa The Morocco , second largest producer of wind energy in Africa after Egypt, had (2,007) 140 MW of installed capacity, this power has reached 280 MW in 2009 [ref. needed] . The largest wind farm in Morocco is composed of 165 wind turbines with a capacity of 140 MW. The initiative 1000 MW 55 is a program that consists of selecting a portfolio of sites qualified for the realization of future wind farms. The project sites are located in the north and south: Tinguir, Boujdour, Tarfaya Tarfaya south (Tah), Laayoune (Tiskrad and Foum Al Wad) Bouzerktoun, Sendouk, Nouinouich, Fardiwa, Ain Armel, Haouma, Fnideq and the site of Midelt. The draft Tarfaya, production concessional, will be a total capacity of 200 MW, expandable to 300 MW. Its commissioning in 2012. Morocco aims of wind farms in 2020 providing 12% of its electricity consumption, about 2000 MW . Companies

Technology Rising prices of fossil fuels has made ??research in the field of wind power more attractive to investors. The technology currently used to capture the most wind power uses a propeller on a horizontal axis. Some prototypes using a vertical axis of rotation: a new technology vertical axis is the Kite wind generator (inspired by kite ) which, to capture the wind as hard as possible, uses cables and wings that can reach 800 / 1 000 m in height 58 .

Diagram of the blades of a small wind The horizontal axis technology has some drawbacks: Spatial crowding is important, it is a sphere with a diameter equal to that of the propeller, based on a cylinder of the same diameter. A mast of significant height is necessary to capture the wind as hard as possible. The wind should be as regular as possible, and therefore prohibited settlements in urban areas or in very rugged terrain. The speed of the tip of a blade is growing rapidly with its size, may cause malfunctions and noise for the neighborhood. In practice, the blades of large wind turbines never exceeded a speed of about 100 m / s at the tip. In fact, over the wind is great, and unless the rotor turns fast (less than 10 revolutions per minute for large offshore wind). The new wind turbines being developed aim to achieve a technology that overcomes noise, congestion and the fragility of wind turbines blades, while being able to use whatever the wind direction and scrabble word finder strength . Many variations are studied by testing actual size. Some wind turbines are small (3 to 8 meters wide, 1 to 2 meters high), with the aim of being able to install on flat roofs of apartment buildings in cities or on the roofs of industrial buildings and commercial, in power ranges from a few kilowatts to tens of kilowatts of average power. Their speed is low and independent of wind speed. Their power varies with the cube of wind speed (wind speed raised to the power 3): when the wind speed doubles, the power is multiplied by 8. The wind speed can vary from 5 km / h over 200 km / h without the need to “feather” the blades. Performance of wind turbines Wind turbines are characterized by their performance against the wind. Wind turbines have a current curve capped and limited to
winds of less than 90 km / h . Wind turbines being developed are designed to operate with winds exceeding 200 km / h and produce a quantity of energy proportional to wind speed over the entire operating range. ADEME commissioned a report to the company Climpact. The results of this report indicate that the effects of global warming, wind turbine for the production of energy are chiropractic marketing expected to decline by nearly 10% by 2100. The offshore wind The installation of offshore wind farms is one of the ways of development of wind power because it largely overcomes the problem of aesthetic nuisances and neighborhood. On the other hand the wind is much stronger and consistent than on land: a walking regimen of 96% is estimated for example in the North Sea 59 . This solution allows progressive technical development of high wind power. Thus, power generation offshore wind is more important than land equivalent power. Is given routinely as an average 2 500 MWh per MW installed at sea instead of 2 000 MWh per MW installed onshore. In sea areas geographically favorable wind, the estimates of studies indicate the potential for extreme cases of 3800 MWh per MW installed. Various solutions are being considered to reduce the cost per kWh produced. Among the solutions studied, it may be noted: the construction of wind turbines of higher capacity, producing 5 to 10 MW per unit; the development of floating systems, embedded, to overcome the cost of tower foundations deep. Projects for future offshore wind, by the year 2010 , are a power of 10 MW unit with a blade diameter of 160 meters . An option to reduce the investment cost per kW could be installed to run on the same pair of an offshore wind tower and one or more turbines . In France, the Company announced the wind in November 2006 its plan to park on both sides , a set of 141 wind turbines totaling 705 MW at 14 km off the Seine-Maritime and the Somme. In England, the London Array consortium is a project 20 km from the mouth of the Thames, which would be 271 turbines for a power up to 1000 MW 60 . With the additional project of Thanet Medifast coupon codes is now 1800 martial arts denver MW should be installed in the Thames Estuary. The British plan for Triston Knol will meanwhile 1200 MW . The Norwegian company Norsk Hydro, a specialist in oil and gas offshore, develops a concept from floating oil platforms. The principle is to mount the turbine on a floating concrete caisson (anchored by cables, by 200 to 700 m deep). This project will revolutionize offshore wind, as it would no longer worry about the depth and therefore to install giant fields (up to 1 GW of installed capacity) far from the coast. This would also reduce the cost of offshore wind farms, avoiding costly construction of underwater foundations 61 . Urban Wind

Urban Wind 2m in diameter, 1.75 kWh to power 14 m / s, San Sebastian ( Spain ), 2010. Specially developed for a very low noise level. Mast height: 5.5 m, boot speed: 2.5 m / s, lifetime: 20 years, consistent with the Town Planning Code Spanish. Wind power is an urban concept of installing and operating wind turbines in urban areas. Wind turbines urban research can provide a compact distributed power generation , transmission and that overcomes the losses generated. Much progress has been made ??about urban wind turbines, many t shirt printing innovations have emerged, and the number of wind installations in the city is up sharply. The most important feature for an urban wind turbine, is the lack of obligation to its orientation relative to wind direction 62 . Indeed, the city winds are very disturbed by the environment (bâtiments. ..), it is necessary that the wind does not constantly look for the wind direction, without which its production is greatly diminished. The installation of vertical axis wind turbines for the moment seems to be the best solution to urban areas. The designers have also developed prototypes of which there are more like server monitoring blades of a propeller plane, but a rotor attached to each end, equipped with blades to provide a constant torque regardless of their position relative to the axis of the wind. In some projects an external stator is added to the rotor fixed component to divert the path of the wind in order to optimize the performance of the whole. The mechanical design of wind turbines makes them resistant to high winds, and freedom from want to be arrested when the wind speed exceeds 90 km / h . Their production is nearly proportional to wind speed to over 200 km / h , without limiting level as in conventional wind turbines. Some wind finally incorporate magnetic levitation to reduce friction and thus increase the efficiency of wind turbines. 63 Projected global electricity production wind Past ten years, according to statistics from Windpower 64 , the world wind power approximately doubles every three years. By choosing to generate electricity 2000 hours of equivalent full year, we arrive at: 1995: GW 5 / 10 TWh 1998: 10 GW / 20 TWh 2001: 24 GW / 48 TWh 2004: 49 GW / 98 TWh 2007: 94 GW / 188 TWh 2010: 194 GW / 388 TWh Forecasts for 2011 are close to 240 GW. By comparison, according to the International Energy Agency , global electricity production in 2008 was 20 260 TWh of which 2 730 TWh of nuclear 65 .

EWEA projections 66 provide an output of 425 TWh / year for 2020 in the EU25, and a potential 3 000 TWh worldwide, with a doubling of the expected output per unit of floor space. This corresponds to 12% of global electricity demand, based on an increase of 66% of demand. The Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), in a 2006 study, included three scenarios, “Reference,” “moderate,” “advanced”, providing for production in 2020 respectively 566 TWh , 1375 TWh and 2632 TWh 67 . Regulations

In France, for the installation of wind turbines on a mast less than 12 meters, there is no requirement to obtain a building permit, a simple statement of work is enough. For installation of wind above 12 meters mast, a building permit is required. 68 An impact study is required to obtain a building permit for a mast with a height greater than 50 meters 69 . For small wind turbines, it is possible to receive a tax credit and a reduced rate of VAT for the installation of domestic wind. Discussion and criticism

The debate on wind energy deals with nuisances and the interests of wind energy. Wind energy is used at several levels. We can distinguish the great wind or wind power industry which is funded by communities and corporations, in almost all cases, connected to a power grid. There is also the small wind turbines , which is implemented by an individual or a farm, off grid or grid-connected. Environmental aspect Environmental balance Wind power is the sector that has the best record (and heavily) in the classification in the study multicriteria Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, energy security and 70 , study by the Energy Department and the atmosphere of Stanford University. A wind turbine does not consume fresh water (access to fresh water is a prominent problem in the world) is a clean energy that does best web hosting not directly carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide or fine particles, or long-lived radioactive waste, or any other type of air pollution or water. It requires no pesticides, does not cause thermal pollution. It has a very low footprint surface (the presence of a wind turbine is compatible with agricultural activities) and impacts on biodiversity almost negligible. It is no longer available almost everywhere, in a decentralized manner.

Wind turbines in a rural landscape. The manufacture of wind and later maintenance consumes resources (see gray energy ) and produces indirect pollution (extraction of construction materials, manufacturing, etc.).. For a wind turbine mast 80 meters , 800 tonnes of steel and concrete are injected at the base for foundations. This is much higher (MWh / year) to the quantities needed to build a power plant of any type (which have also their disadvantages), including nuclear, this aspect is enhanced by its high power density. However the impact of these factors is negligible on the life of the turbine. Wind energy is a renewable energy which is inexhaustible reservoir to the time scale of human civilizations. The land wind power does not disappear with the death of the sun (wind dependent on the presence of the sun and variations in atmospheric pressure), in 5 billion years. Noise impact auto insurance quotes In early 2006 the Working Group of the Faculty of Medicine of the wind said: the production of infrasound from wind turbines is in their immediate vicinity, safe for humans; there are no known risks to visual stimulation by strobe rotating wind turbine blades; the regulations on the health impact of induced noise was, at that time, insufficient, which has since been corrected, the impact study now provides a mapping of noise and individual measures in the population closer, the minimum distance of homes now being 500 m. On the distance of 1500 m , the Working Group asked, as a precaution and until the conclusion of the studies requested that construction be suspended for a wind power above 2.5 MW when there was, on that date, no onshore wind of such power in France, this electronic cigarette report applies a more precautionary principle unscientific because the noise of a wind turbine is not related to its rated power. Therefore acoustic expertise are routinely performed as part of an environmental impact study. The latest generation machines have made ??significant progress in terms of noise and can be programmed in the particular circumstances of force and wind direction to reduce the impact on a residential area near 71 . In Australia , in March 2005, the pediatrician David Iser noted three cases of “significant problems” on a study of 25 people living within 2km of a wind farm 72 . A wind turbine produces a noise of 55 dBA at the foot of the tower, which corresponds to the sound environment of wedding rings an office. This noise level is generally considered acceptable. The French legislation is not based on the intrinsic noise but the sound notion of emergence, that is to say the difference between the ambient noise level and the latter more than the turbines. These remain below 5 dBA during the day and 3 dBA at night, regardless of the wind speed. A new regulation reinforces this criterion, by introducing the concept of emergence spectral levels with respect to emergence frequency (7 dB at 125 Hz and 250 Hz , 5 dB between 500 Hz and 4000 Hz ). This makes it one of the strictest regulations in Europe. On November 28, 2009, Le Monde devoted a record eight pages to the “cursed the wind,” who live near wind turbines and “suffering from stress, nausea, insomnia, dizziness, irritability, depression … “. The newspaper notes that “the evidence accumulated so disturbing” 73 . Visual impact

Visual impact: Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm in California, too many wind turbines with rotating too fast.

Visual impact: Reduce the impact and increase production, choice of 11 E-126 turbines of 7.5 MW at very slow rotation instead of 23 2 MW turbines to rotate Chicago Criminal Attorney faster on the same area of ??4.5 km ², Estinnes Belgium, October 10, 2010. Compared to the first wind farms, very dense, new parks have their turbines further apart, the latter being of greater size and power. They have lost their appearance overcrowded. Wind power is growing debate in France between pro, campaigning for the development of wind structures, and anti, campaigning for a moratorium engagement ring on these machines, accused of disfiguring the landscape, and question its usefulness ecological . Impact on birds Main article: cna certification Protection of Birds . Several studies on wind turbines 74 show that the number of birds killed by wind turbines is negligible compared to the number who died due to other human activities. For example, the UK, where there are hundreds of wind turbines, each year there are about a bird killed by a wind turbine and 10 million cars. Another study suggests that migrating birds adapt to obstacles; these birds that do not change their way and continue to fly through a wind farm would be able to avoid the blades, at least under the conditions of the study (wind low and day). In the UK, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds has found that: “The available evidence suggests that wind farms are not correctly positioned a significant hazard for birds. ” According to the League for the Protection of Birds , documented exceptions to the lapwing , the redshank and black-tailed godwit , many species appear to use the space for wind farms close to the nest 75 . Until now relatively neglected, bats lead to this concerns the same type, especially for larger installations: the mortality of bats increases exponentially depending on the height of the tower , according to a study 2007, while the mortality of birds are stable 76 . Impact on the wave propagation Wind turbines have been accused of potential interference with radar military as part of the detection of a low-flying aircraft or the weather radar for the detection of precipitation . In fact, wind turbines are an obstacle to the propagation of the wave. Depending on the proximity and density of the wind farm, this can be a major bottleneck at low altitude giving a gray area in the data. Moreover, as the blades are rotating, they note the radar speed data processing and filtering Doppler can not differentiate them from a moving target 77 . Footprint The area used by a wind turbine is almost entirely used for another use. Wind energy is consistent with other human activities, industrial and agricultural, as are power lines. Prototypes are compatible with the urban habitat. For cons, the question of the amount of energy that can be provided (compared to the current and future consumption) with the available surface is laid. Current wind turbines require a large floor space, imposed by the rotation necessary depending on wind direction, the size of the blades, by the interference between adjacent turbines on the wind flow, as a safety measure in case of fall . They allow a density of about 10 MW / km ² 78 or 10 W / m² , and produce about 2kWh/an by W, which implies a need of about 50 km ² per TWh in theory (subject to availability of sufficient storage capacity in the form of pumped storage stations, for example, even with losses exceeding half), a wind farm with an area a third of the Baltic Sea ( 450 000 km ²) is sufficient to meet the entire current energy consumption (2700 TWh) of the European Union to 27 [ref. needed] . However, in practice, the average density of power per unit area of about 0.5 W / m² , or 20 times lower. Denmark, a country farm, and almost as equipped as possible [ref. required] , can produce only 20% of its electricity with wind power. The feasibility of the above theoretical estimates is questionable, and certainly implies profound changes. For comparison, a solar photovoltaic has a productivity of about 70 kWh per m 2 ground at a site in Europe usually 79 or 70 GWh / km ² / year, but it involves using 100% of the surface 80 . The impact of the dismantling As for wind turbines, the dismantling of a facility must include: disassembly of the turbine, removal of ancillary equipment, the leveling of foundations, the future of the LAN or inter-turbine (the network connecting the delivery station to station connection is the property Bankruptcy of the electricity transmission network and therefore can be used for purposes other than the wind farm). The foundations are leveled to at least 1m deep, leaving the possibility of resuming agricultural activity on the site. In some cases it is possible to remove the entire foundation. Stations present on site deliveries are also removed and their foundations completely removed. Each site is then covered with earth and returned to natural vegetation or a farm. This final step leaves no significant trace on the site of the existence of the wind farm. The cost of decommissioning of a wind turbine and recycling of these facilities is easy to estimate unlike other means of production, where it remains impossible or partially secret. This relatively low cost is borne by the building owner (operator Wind, SEM …) thanks in part to the sale of “scrap” of towers and other components. The law provides that is provisioned over the years of operation an amount to ensure the decommissioning. The implementing decree waited since 2003 by professionals and local residents has not yet been published but some developers have already taken steps in this direction: allowance in the first year into an escrow account (Deposit and Consignment Office) Insurance guaranteeing the financing of decommissioning with an insurer independent and private. No, in 2010, wind farm fallow in France 81 . Physical security around the turbines Wind turbines are at risk of accidents: a strong wind is likely to break the structures of wind turbines. In 2000 , a break in the propeller park Burgos sent debris swirling hundreds of meters 82 . The majority of known accidents are related to the use of used equipment or lack of feedback, risk inherent in any emerging technology. Wind turbines installed today have achieved certification by independent bodies, and are built under strict quality control, significantly reducing the risk of rupture of the material. But wind turbines are not certified still under long-term tests in situations of exploitation. In the world, no one has ever been recognized in an accident wind. Impact on natural Earth Dynamics Wind turbines operate a kinetic energy produced by pressure differences in the atmosphere under the influence of the sun. These gas streams are involved in global climate dynamics. A study by the Max Planck Institute 83 shows that the energy potentially extractable is of the same order of magnitude or greater by an order of magnitude to that of the global energy demand, but that some of the climatic consequences of extraction at this level would be comparable to a doubling of CO 2 . The article notes, however, there is still room for significant development before it is How to lose weight sensitive. Aspect Energy Connection to the grid Connect wind farms to the grid (without local storage of energy) requires, as for other power plants, power lines. The concentration of the engagement rings wind park land, coastal and marine initially led to a logic of recentralization of payday loan local supply current, contradicting the vision often referred to decentralized production. Different lines (DC) and Europe an offshore electricity grid (in the North Sea and Irish Sea at first) 84 , will connect to the network a European network of wind farms, solar and hydro turbines and possibly to compensate for irregularities including production, with initial meetings in January 2010. In late 2006, an electronic newsletter from the Embassy of France in Germany already indicated that wind power would require 850 km of cables by 2015 and 1 950 km by 2020 85 . In addition, local opposition syndrome ( Nimby ) the construction of lines by the sea leads to bury the cables, which would – unless major innovations – a doubling of the amount of electricity bill industrial customers. This argument is echoed by opponents of wind does not seem specific to the wind, facing the general demand for landfill power lines regardless of the mode of production. In 2009, many installers of wind turbines, even on land, provide systematic burial of lines without incurring additional cost prohibitive. Requirement of the network for producers Regulation of the network results in demands on producers, including that of maintaining the current frequency to 50 Hz . An increase in frequency results in a power demand from the network, which results in the lowering of frequency. Against by a significant decrease in frequency would result in a supply of power by the network, circumstances prevented the shedding of the installation. Automatic disconnect of producers that do not meet the standards. These automatic result, the regulators of the network, which is the function by random events. Intermittency of wind The biggest problem of wind energy is its intermittent nature: it is not produced on demand, but depending on weather conditions. A wind turbine produces, on average, the equivalent of less than 20% of the time 86 . In most cases, the need to ensure consistency of norfolk island holidays electricity production requires coupling a wind farm with other sources of electricity available immediately upon request, such as hydropower (dams) or fossil fuels (coal or gas) for example. So that, from the perspective of a network that also includes fossil fuels, electricity production is ultimately not without emission of carbon dioxide but still cleaner than fossil energy network completely. The wind is often presented as a resource random , although others believe that the time scale of the scheduling of a power system the weather is safe enough for the resource to be predictable. Wind turbines produce electricity intermittently on a grid . As pointed out for example the Nobel Prize in Physics Stephen Chu 87 , the German MP Hermann Scheer (father of IRENA), or the Ecole Polytechnique and an expert in renewable energy François Lempérière 88 , it is possible to reduce the problem of intermittency of the wind resource, thanks to technologies such as pumped storage or chemical storage , to a classic problem of volume of stock. In France, the overall capacity pump / turbine is currently used by nuclear power, nuclear power plants being unable (except to take the risk of reducing the life of plants) to adapt to changes in electricity demand are So use the pumped storage stations. The company Statoil operates on the island of Utsira a wind resource that provides a stable power even when dead calm with a chemical storage: the excess energy is used to produce hydrogen by electrolysis and if time a quiet gas generator adapted to use hydrogen takes over. A fuel cell is also used to convert chemical energy into electricity, but the technology is not yet mature enough to use non-experimental in an isolated site. A larger project is underway for the Faroe Islands . The cost per kWh this type of plant should be competitive with a diesel plant in less than 10 years 89 . For supporters of the Hydrogen Economy as the economist Jeremy Rifkin renewable energy like wind should also be considered as sources of hydrogen, the problem of their lack of flexibility while intervening more on consumption the final. Germany, which has significantly invested in wind energy, may have difficulty: its wind network, although distributed throughout its territory, and thus freed of purely local effects, can go from 0 to 100% of its capacity in a few days (eg on the E-on [ref. needed] ). During the 2003 heat wave , the capacity of wind turbines has fallen to less than one twentieth (1 / 20) of its nominal value 90 . During the heat wave of summer 2003, Germany had to import a quantity of electricity equivalent to two nuclear units of about 1000 MW 91 . The same phenomenon was observed during the heat wave North American 2006 ( : 2006 North American heat wave  (in) ), real output of 2500 MW of theoretical capacity of wind power in California was less than the twentieth (1 / 20) of this value during peak demand 92 . The French electricity transmission system (TEN), believes that the integration of wind power Wire Cart Covers in the current network is possible without major difficulties at 10 to 15 GW , in particular through the presence in France of three deposits of wind independent, which will allow smoothing of production much better than in Germany or Denmark 93 . Note that Denmark has long been an island isolated farm in the middle of an ocean of European consumers without wind. If overproduction Denmark exported mainly to Germany. Now that the North German is strongly “éolisée” Denmark practical exchange with Sweden and Norway where electricity is mainly from hydropower and can absorb rapid changes in wind generation and consumption. The countries most dependent on wind power (Germany, Denmark, etc.). Intermittency compensate with thermal energy and with the import of electricity from other countries, including the French nuclear power. Denmark is the country where wind energy is the most developed, but its CO 2 per kWh and per capita in 2007 was the eleventh highest in Europe 94 . Electricity generation is mainly through coal-fired plants, which emit large volumes of CO 2 . Some see this as the wind increases the CO 2 , except to associate with a fleet of dams for pumping massive peak, but all viable sites in developed countries already have to pass the peak demand: we do there are already too close, but nuclear power plants would free up for STEP and store energy from wind turbines 95 . Processing and storage of wind energy Main article: energy storage . Wind power is an inherently intermittent energy. It is expected that within the limits of weather and can not be stored in its primary form. Proponents of renewable energy are in the energy mix, combining wind, solar and geothermal, in energy storage and energy saving solutions to address the problems of intermittency of wind power. The university Kassel has created a virtual hub that combines wind and solar production base, hydro and biogas for the extra 96 , 97 . Storage batteries The solution to the storage of electrical energy botox brisbane in batteries is possible only for isolated sites and production of low importance. This type of storage is limited by the investment represented by high-capacity batteries and the pollution generated by recycling. Water storage One method used to operate and store the surplus production of wind turbines is to couple them with techniques of pumped storage in hydroelectric turbines . This technique is both the simplest and the most promising. Principle: A wind farm generates electricity through wind turbines. This electricity is used at 70% to pump water into a reservoir above sea level. The remaining 30% are sent over the network. During periods of low wind, water turbines the reservoir is in a unit hydroelectric and stored in a reservoir low. The electricity produced is sent over the network. Achievements: In 2006, Germany launched an experiment to obtain a supply of electricity from 100% renewable 98 . For this experiment, the storage type STEP (transfer stations by pumping energy) was used to wind the party. A coherent coupling hydraulic-farm will be operational in 2012 with the Canaries , on the island of El Hierro . 11.5 MW wind farm will be associated with a hydroelectric power plant of 11.3 MW operating by pumped storage reservoirs between two basins separated by a vertical drop of 700 m. This will enable self-sufficiency in electricity and fresh water production by desalination. The economy of oil corresponding annual amounts to about 6000 t, thus avoiding the production of 18,000 t CO 2 99 . Constraints: The resource must be significant hydraulic and hydraulic sites fully exploited. Otherwise, it is best to develop the hydraulics before the wind is more expensive to implement (around 70 to € 80 per MWh against € 30 for hydropower). The water storage should be near a deposit of wind. This includes focus on hilly areas to the detriment of the Great Plains. The Great Lakes region in America, the South Australian area Tasmania and Scotland are privileged in this regard. For small installations, it is possible to use the Bins dams created by farmers for irrigation. The source of wind power should be used primarily to recharge the reservoir lakes when consumption is quite low, the flexibility of hydro then allowing precise modulation of the production. In this context, it is the hydro capacity is critical, which makes wind power an adjunct to hydro. The capacity of pumped storage should not be saturated by another source of production. This occurs in France, where the hydraulic buffer is used to produce nuclear power, nuclear power plants that can be modulated to follow the variability of demand. Storage transformation In the U.S., a company develops new wind turbines that produce the compressed air instead of electricity 100 . In the nacelle of wind turbines, instead of an alternator is therefore an air compressor. The compressed air is stored and allows you to run a generator at times when the needs are greatest. In terms of energy storage, this approach requires a conversion of energy (air compressed to electricity, with reduced performance), but can position the electrical output of the peak of consumption, where electricity is paid more, with a conversion of less than the conventional process (electricity to storage and storage to electricity). Some even think that could directly use the compressed air thus produced to power cars powered cars with this fluid. In 2009, Dutch Dutch Rainmaker performed a wind energy is used to condense the water vapor present in ambient air. The first prototype has condensed 500 l of fresh water in 24 hours In 2010, the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany 101 said in a statement have been able to develop a process for producing methane from the excess production of wind turbines. Electricity is used to make an electrolysis of water, producing oxygen (rejected) and hydrogen. This hydrogen is recombined with CO 2 (probably by Sabatier reaction ) to produce methane, which is reintroduced into the public distribution system of natural gas. The first part of this reaction was used by Poul La Cour in 1890. Economics The kWh wind, produced in good conditions mining australia and taking into account the premium given by the market for “green” electricity (either nuclear or fossil), can now be sold around 5 to 7 cents (cents ), which is equivalent to the price of nuclear power which also can be profitable only thanks to state subsidies 102 . According to the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA – European Wind Energy Association) 103 , the cost per kWh produced was 8.8 c € in the mid-1980s for a turbine of 95 kilowatts , it is 4.1 c € for a turbine of 1 000 kW in 2003 and is expected to be 3.1 c € / kWh in 2010 . The cost of 2 006 104 Natural gas is 4.5 c € / kWh, that of heating oil to 6.5 c € / kWh, the propane of 9.3 c € (note that the trend of fossil fuels is rising steadily, from 5.4% and 11.5% a year – an average 8.6% over the last 15 years for oil). But fossil fuels remain “available on demand.” A price comparison can not be done by considering the storage devices of wind energy. The electricity costs do not include production costs, but demand. The projection of the 2020 EWEA 105 provides a cost of wind energy down to auto insurance quote 2.45 c € / kWh. A formal U.S. in January 2010 (NREL) found the current reality of the cost of onshore wind kWh average: 5.5 c € / kWh, or 30% lower than the nuclear 8.1 c € / kWh. It also notes that the cost is 100% related to the cost of investment, electricity transmission and maintenance – because the wind is free. In France, electricity produced by wind turbines is heavily subsidized by the state as well as nuclear energy without the disadvantages in the long term [ref. needed]  and some media polemicize stating that the developers are guaranteed a return on investment even in the most ill-chosen sites 106 . The wind turbine is paid during the period (10 years) during which the price per kWh is subsidized and guaranteed by the state [ref. needed] , after which, even if the price of electricity is close to the market price (price varies depending on the quality of the wind on the site 107 ), the producer has virtually no expenses and revenues of wind power and allow others to invest in wind farms and so provide renewable energy to European countries do not have significant wind energy potential. Construction Issues related to the construction characteristics of wind turbines are 108 , 109 Production of wind turbines and mechanical parts Distribution of royalties Assessment of the impact on the environment (particularly in terms of soil erosion and impact on forests) Actors in the debate There are several players in the French wind energy that is shared between manufacturers of wind energy, public organizations and associations dealing with renewable energy and research laboratories and development. For example, France has leading industrial companies in the field of renewable energy that can develop their capacity in the wind sector. Public bodies and associations dealing with renewable energy In French public bodies involved in wind energy, can be cited such as the Agency for Environment and Energy Management (ADEME, which plays a leadership role in research of renewable energy), the DGEMP, Regulatory Commission of Electricity (CRE), the manager of the Network Transmission of Electricity (TEN), etc.. Among the associations involved in renewable energy, there are professionals in the wind, namely France Wind Energy (FEE), the Union of Renewable Energy (SRE), Afineole (Association of French industrial wind power) and Liaison Committee of renewable energy (Cler). Research laboratories With regard to laboratory research and development dedicated to wind energy (the CEP is the largest laboratory on wind energy), they are few in number to engage in research and development programs exclusively dedicated to wind power. In addition, they do not participate in large technology development programs in Europe, which is a real weakness for the French wind market at national and free ipad European level. Specialized associations Numerous associations support the development of wind power: Suisse-Eole in Switzerland, France Earth Wind and wind energy in France. In France, opponents have organized as associations, Brittany C Wind Association, the Federation of Wind Anger!, Which includes more than 300 of these associations and the European Platform against the industrial wind turbines representing currently 360 associations from 19 European countries. In Quebec, the group meets Prudence Aeolus-citizens for community wind farms, located well away from populated areas. Public opinion According to a survey 110 Louis Harris published on 28 April 2005 , 91% of French people are in favor of wind energy. In 2008 , 62% of French respondents said they accept the installation of a wind turbine in less than a mile from home